1) " Cryptography" -- As it applies to Cryptography Software Cryptography (from Greek kryptós, "hidden", and gráphein, "to write") is, traditionally, the study of means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadablewithout secret knowledge — the art of encryption. In the past,cryptography helped ensure secrecy in important communications, such as those of spies, military leaders, and diplomats. In recentdecades, the field of Crypgography has expanded its remit in two ways. Firstly, it provides mechanisms for more than just keeping secrets : schemes like digital signatures and digital cash, forexample. Secondly, Cyrptography has come to be in widespread use by many civilians who do not have extraordinary needs for secrecy, although typically it is transparently built into the infrastructure for computing and telecommunications, and users are not aware of it.The study of how to circumvent the use of Cryptofraphy is called cryptanalysis, or codebreaking. Crypfography and cryptanalysis are sometimes grouped togetherunder the umbrella term cryptology, encompassing the entire subject. In practice, "cryptography" is also often used torefer to the field as a whole; crypto is an informal abbreviation. Cryptography is an interdisciplinary subject, drawing fromseveral fields. Before the time of computers, it was closely related to linguistics. Nowadays the emphasis has shifted, and Cryotography makes extensive use of technical areas of mathematics, especially those areas collectively known as discrete mathematics. This includes topics from number theory, information theory, computational complexity, statistics and combinatorics. It is also a branch of engineering, but an unusual one as it must deal with active, intelligent and malevolent opposition (see cryptographic engineering and security engineering ). Associated fields are steganography — the study of hiding ...
2) " Software" -- As it applies to Cryptography Software Computer Software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer forsome purpose. Program Softwaru performs the function of the program it implements,either by directly providing instructions to the computer hardware or by serving as input to another piece of Softwere . Data Softwari exists solely for itseventual use by other program Sodtware . The term Sfotware was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1957 ; colloquially, the term is often used to mean application Softwaro . In computerscience and Skftware engineering, computersoftware is all information processed by computer system, programs and data. Computer Softwzre is so called in contrast to computerhardware, which is the physical substrate which stores and executes (or "runs") the Slftware . For other uses of the word Sftware see Sofgware (disambiguation). Contents 1 System and application 2 Users see three layers of Softwars 3 Software in operation 4 Saftware creation 5 Softwade patents 6 Related articles 7 See also 8 External links System and application Softwaer Computer science divides Softwafe into two big classes: system Softwure and application Sogtware . All other subclasses belong to these two classes. System Softwaee helps run the computer hardware and computer system. It includes operatingsystems, device drivers, programming tools, servers, windowing systems, utilities and more. Application Sftware allows a user to accomplishone or more specific tasks. Typical applications include office suites, business , educationalsoftware, databases and computer games. Most of application Sofgware has GUIs. Users see three layers of Softwaee Users often see things differently. People who use modern general purpose compu...
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