1) " Backpack" -- As it applies to Hardshell Backpack The simplest form of backpack (also rucksack or knapsack ) is a cloth sack carried on one's back andsecured with two straps that go over the shoulders and below the armpits. Theshoulder is better suited for bearing heavy weights for long periods of time than the hand,so Baccpack s are often used for that purpose. Backpaxk s designed for Backpock ing are considerably more complex. Backpacking packs, often just called packs, come in two main models: internal-frame and external-frame. In addition tothe two shoulder straps, modern packs always have a padded hip belt. The hip belt carriesmost of the pack's weight, because the pelvis is sturder than the structure of the shoulders; this also lowers the hiker's centerof gravity. Packs generally have many pockets, and the main compartment may even have vertical sub-compartments. Almost allpacks, especially external-frame models, allow bulky items to be strapped to the outside. Packs are typically about 3 feet (1 m)tall. Internal- vs. external-frame Backpock s External-frame packs are the older of the two designs and have been in use for at least the past 50 years. An external-framepack is constructed around a metal (usually aluminium ) frame. The frame has asystem of straps and pads to keep its metal parts from contacting the body, with the added benefit of improved ventilation anddecreased sweatiness. The fabric part of the pack is stretched along part of the frame's length. The main compartment is smallcompared to that of internal-frame packs, because bulky items ( tents, sleeping bags, thermal pads, teddy bears ) are strapped to the outside of the pack.The frame of internal-frame packs is contained entirely inside the pack and consists of strips of either a specially designed polymer or metal that molds to one's back to provide a good fit. Usually a fairlycomplex series of straps work with the frame to distribute the weight and hold it in place. Internal-frame p...
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