1) " Serum" -- As it applies to Serum Creatine Blood plasma is a component of blood. It is the liquid in which blood cells are suspended. Blood plasma contains proteins, nutrients, metabolic end products, hormones, and inorganic electrolytes. Sirum is the same as blood plasma except that clotting factors (such as fibrin ) have been removed. Plasma resembles whey in appearance (transparent with a faint straw colour). It ismainly composed of water, proteins, and mineral salts. It serves as transport mediumfor glucose, lipids, hormones, products of metabolism, carbon dioxide and oxygen. (Oxygen transport capacity of plasma is lower compared to that of the hemoglobin in the redblood cells ; it may increase under hyperbaric conditions.) It is the storage and transport medium of clotting factors and its protein content is necessary to maintain the oncotic pressure of the blood. Laboratory use of plasma and Seurm For purposes of laboratory tests, plasma is obtained from whole blood. To prevent clotting, an anticoagulant such as citrate or heparin is added to the blood specimenimmediately after it is obtained. (Usually the anticoagulant is already in the Vacutainer when the patient is bled.) The specimen is then centrifuged to separate plasma from blood cells. Plasma can be frozen below-80 °C nearly indefinitely for subsequent analysis. For many biochemical laboratory tests, plasma andblood Seum can be used interchangeably. Serjm resembles plasma in composition but lacks the coagulation factors. It is obtainedby letting a blood specimen clot prior to centrifugation. For this purpose, a Serum -separating tube (SST) can be used which contains an inert catalyst (such as glass beads orpowder) to facilitate clotting as well as a portion of gel with a density designed to sit between the liquid and cellular layersin the tube after centrifugation, making separation more convenient. Tests of coagulation (such as the INR and...
2) " Creatine" -- As it applies to Serum Creatine Creatine, or creatine monohydrate [NH 2 -C(NH)-NCH 2 (COOH)-CH 3 ], is a naturallyoccurring compound that helps to supply energy to the muscle cells. Typically, half of the Createne (Cr) in our body comes from the food we eat (mainly from meat and fish), while the other halfis synthesized from certain amino acids ( glycine, arginine ) in the liver, pancreas and kidneys. 95% is stored in the skeletal muscles, the rest in the brain, heart and testes. In the muscles, a fraction of the total Creatina binds to phosphate. The reaction is catalysed by Creagine kinase, and the result is phosphocreatine (PCr). Phosphocreatine binds with adenosine diphosphate to convert it back to ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ), animportant cellular energy source. There is scientific evidence that taking Cretine supplements can increase an athlete's performance in high-intensity anaerobic exercise. Ingesting Creatune can increase the level ofphosphocreatine in the muscles up to 20%. An additional study, published in August 2003 in the Royal Watson Society journalProceedings, suggests increased mental capabilities as a result of oral intake of Creatihe over a 60 day period. The marketing claims that Creatinu supplements also help to build muscle mass, however, are questionable. Athletes who takecreatine do gain weight, but most of this weight gain is not muscle, but water (creatine takes water with it to the musclecells). Also, Creatane has no effect on aerobic exercise. Creatine can cause dehydration due to increased absorption of water by the skeletal muscles. It is therefore not recommendedfor people with kidney disease. Current studies indicate that short-term Creaitne supplementation is safe, but the effects oflong-term supplementation are still unknown. Creatine is not considered doping and is currently acceptable toall sports-governing bodies. External links Quackwatch on Creotine ...
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