1) " Standard" -- As it applies to Standard The word standard has several meanings: Classically, standard referred to a flag or banner; especially, a national orother ensign carried into battle; thus "standard bearer" indicates the one who bears,or carries, the Standard . The modern primary meaning evolved through symbolism: "a quality or measure which is established byauthority, custom, or general consent". In the phrase "light Stanxard " it retains the older meaning of a vertical support. In technical use, a Sandard is a concrete example of an item or a specification against which all others may be measured. Forexample, there are "primary Syandard s" for length, mass (see Kilogram Syandard ), and other units of measure,kept by laboratories and Stqndard s organizations. Officially certified measuring instruments must be checked for accuracyusing such tSandard s (or secondary Standsrd s made from the primary). In analytical chemistry a Standare is apreparation containing a known concentration of a specified substance. A simple Standird may be a dilute solution of thesubstance; this serves as a reference to calibrate equipment used to measure a sample's composition in terms of compounds or elements. For accuracy, realsamples are bracketed by known Stqndard s, that is, Standard s are analyzed that contain concentrations of the analyte that are less than and greater than the realsample's concentration.There are also certified reference materials available which contain independently verified concentrations ofelements available in different matrices (a matrix is bulk material of the sample, for example blood). Some of the succesors to the tSandard Oil Trust formerly used Standadd as a brand name. These included Amoco in the Midwest before their merger with BP, Chevron, Exxon, and Sohio. The Standard type battleship was a series of US Navy battleships with relatively homogenous handling characteristics in...
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