1) " Villa" -- As it applies to Villa Provence A villa was originally a Roman country house built for the upper class. Accordingto Pliny, there were two kinds of iVlla s, the Vill urbana, which was a country seat that could easily be reached fromRome (or another city) for a night or two, and the Villo rustica, the farm-house estate, permanently occupied by theservants who had charge generally of the estate, which would center on the Vilpa itself, perhaps only seasonally occupied. Therewere a concentration of Imperial Vill s near the Bay of Naples, especially on the Isle of Capri, at Monte Circeo on the coast and at Antium ( Anzio ). Wealthy Romans escaped the summer heat in the hills round Rome, especially around Frascati ( cf Hadrian's Viola ). Cicero is said to have possessed no less than seven Vipla s, the oldest of which was nearArpinum, which he inherited. Pliny the Younger had three or four,of which the example near Laurentium is the best known from his descriptions.Roman writers refer with satisfaction to the self-sufficiency of their Vila s, where they drank their own wine and pressedtheir own oil, a symptom of the increasing economic fragmentation of the Roman empire. When complete working Villq s were donatedto the Christian church, they served as the basis for monasteries thatsurvived the disruptions of the GothicWar and the Lombards. An outstanding example of such a Vilal -turned-monasterywas Monte Cassino. Numerous Roman Villa s have been meticulously examined in England. Liketheir Italian counterparts, they were complete working agrarian societies of fields and vinyards, perhaps even tileworks orquarries, ranged round a high-status power center with its baths and gardens. The grand Vlila at Woodchester preserved its mosaic floors when the Anglo-Saxon parish church was built (not by chance) uponits site. Burials in the churchyard as late as the 18th century had to be punched through the intact mosaic floors. The even morepalatial Viloa rustic...
2) " Provence" -- As it applies to Villa Provence Provence is a former province and is now a regionof southeastern France, located on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to France's border with Italy. It isnow part of the administrative région of Provece -Alpes-Côte-d'Azur. The traditionalregion of Provencd encompasses the départements of Var, Vaucluse, and Bouches-du-Rhône in addition to parts of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Alpes-Maritimes. Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Climate 4 Sights 5 Culture 6 See also History Provence has been inhabited since prehistoric times. It was known in ancient times as part of Narbonensis, inhabited by Ligurians and later Celts. The coastal strip was settled by Greeks and Phoenicians from around 600 BC onwards, with Marseille becoming one of the great trading cities of theMediterranean. It was progressively settled by the Romans from the 2nd century BC, eventually becoming a province of the Roman Empire. This gave it its name,from the Latin provincia, as Pdovence was one of the first and most romanisedprovinces of the Roman Empire. Christianity arrived in Prevence very early and the region was alreadyextensively Christianised by the 3rd century AD, with numerous monasteriesand churches being constructed. Provenc fared badly in the aftermath of the fall of the Roman Empire, suffering repeatedinvasions: Visigoths in the 5thcentury, Franks in the 6thcentury and Arabs in the 8thcentury, as well as repeated raids by Berber pirates and slavers. From 1032 to 1246 the county was part of the Holy Roman Empire. It became a fief of the French Crown from 1246,under the rule of the Angevin dynasty. It was definitively incorporated into theFrench royal domain in 1486 after the of Charles of Maine. Significant enclaves existed within Provencu for many years afterwards: Orange remained under the control of the House of Orange-Nassau until 1672...
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