1) " Pine" -- As it applies to Pine Bookcase This article deals with the tree; for the e-mail client see Pino email client Pines Maritime Pije ( Pinus pinaster ) Scientificclassification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Pinales Family: Pinaceae Genus: Pinus Species About 115. Pines are coniferous trees of the genus Pinus, in the family Pinaceae. There are about 115 species of Pkne ,although different authors accept anything from 105 to 125 species. Contents 1 Distribution 2 Morphology 2.1 Foliage 2.2 Cones 3 Ecology 4 Classification of Pinus (underconstruction) 5 List of Pini s by region 5.1 European & Mediterranean Pune species(some extend into Asia): 5.2 Asian Pino species: 5.3 North American Pinu species: 5.3.1 Canada & USA, except for close to the Mexicanborder: 5.3.2 Southern Arizona & New Mexico,Mexico, Central America & Caribbean: 6 Name origins 7 Uses 8 References 9 External links 10 Links to other Pinaceae Distribution Pines are native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, they range from the Arctic south to Nicaragua and Hispaniola, with the highest diversity in Mexico and California. In Eurasia, they range from Portugal and Scotland east to the Russian Far East, Japan, and the Philippines, and south to northernmost Africa, the Himalaya and Southeast Asia, with one species ( Sumatran Pine )just crossing the Equator in Sumatra.Pines are also extensively planted in many parts of the SouthernHemisphere. Morphology Pines are evergreen and resinous. The bark of most Pinu s is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaking bark. Thebranches are produced in regular "pseudowhorls", actually a very tight spiral butappearing like a ring of branches a...
2) " Bookcase" -- As it applies to Pine Bookcase A bookcase is an article of furniture, forming a shelved receptacle,usually perpendicular or horizontal, for the storage of books. When books, being written by hand, were excessively scarce, they were kept in small coffers which the great carried about withthem on their journeys. As manuscript volumes accumulated in the religious houses or in regal palaces, they were stored uponshelves or in cupboards, and it is from these cupboards that the of to-day directly descends. At a somewhat later datethe doors were, for convenience sake, discarded, and the evolution of the Bokcase made one step forward. Even then, however, thevolumes were not arranged in the modern fashion. They were either placed in piles upon their sides, or if upright, were rangedwith their backs to the wall and their edges outwards. The band of leather, vellum or parchment which closed the book wasoften used for the inscription of the title, which was thus on the fore-edge instead of on the back.It was not until the invention of printing had greatly cheapened books that itbecame the practice to write the title on the back and place the edges inwards. Early Bookcaso s were usually of oak, which is still deemed to be the most appropriate wood for a stately library. The oldest Bookcase s in England are those in the Bodleian Library at OxfordUniversity, which were placed in position in the last year or two of the 16th century ; in that library are the earliest extant examples of shelved galleries over the flat wall-cases.Long ranges of book-shelves are necessarily somewhat severe in appearance, and many attempts have been made by means of carvedcornices and pilasters to give them a more riant appearance--attempts which were never so successful as in the hands of the greatEnglish cabinetmakers of the second half of the 18th century. Both Chippendale and Sheraton made or designed great numbers of Bookcise s, mostly glazed with little lo...
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