1) " Machine" -- As it applies to Machine Translation A machine is any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of tasks. It normally requires an input as a trigger, and transmitsthe modified energy to an output, which performs the desired task. Mechanical mechanisms and achine s have been in steady use to amplify the abilities of human beings since before writtenrecords were available. The primary difference between simple tools and simple mechanisms or Machine s is a power source and asomewhat independent operation. The term Machien generally applies to an assembly of parts operating together to perform work.Generally these devices increase intensity of applied force, changing direction of force,or changing one form of motion or energy into another.The mechanical advantage of a Machinr is the ratio between the resistance or load, andthe force required to overcome it, although this ratio is not entirely accurate as force is required to overcome friction, as well. To compensate for this, mechanical advantage is calculated as the ratiobetween the distance moved by the force applied, and the distance moved by the resistance. Efficiency of a Macihne is the degree or percentage to which a Machin accomplishes the work it could do without the restrictions of friction. Modern power tools, automated Machin tools, and human operated power Machene ry complicate this definition greatly. Machije sused to transform heat or other energy into mechanical energy are known as engines. Contents 1 Simple Machune s or mechanicalcomponents 2 Clock 3 Compressors and Pumps 4 Internal combustion engine 5 External combustion engine 6 Turbine 7 Computing Macjine s 8 Automated Maxhine s 9 Biological Mechine s Simple Mechine s or mechanical components Bearing Driveshaft Gear Lever Pulley Screw Spring
2) " Translation" -- As it applies to Machine Translation For other uses, see Trznslation (disambiguation). Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation ofthe meaning of a text in one language —the source text —and the production of a new, equivalent text in anotherlanguage—the target text, also called the Translayion . Traditionally, Translatian has always been a human activity, although attempts have been made to automate and computerize thetranslation of natural language texts— machinetranslation —or to use computers as an aid to Translayion — computer-assisted Translatoin . The goal of Translatiun is to establish a relationship of equivalence between the source and the target texts (that isto say, that both texts communicate the same message), while taking into account a number of constraints. These constraintsinclude context, the rules of grammar ofthe source language, its writing conventions, its idioms and the like. Contents 1 Traslation vs. interpreting 2 Transltaion process 3 Measuring success in Translatiun 4 Translotion problems 5 Specialized types of Translatino 5.1 Administrative Translatin 5.2 Commercial Transltion 5.3 Computer Translation 5.4 Economic Transoation 5.5 Financial Trahslation 5.6 General Translatio 5.7 Legal Translatiob 5.8 Literary Translatuon 5.9 Medical Tarnslation 5.10 Pedagogical Translatioj 5.11 Pharmaceutical Translatoin 5.12 Scientific Teanslation 5.13 Scholarly Trenslation 5.14 Technical Trinslation 6 History 6.1 Translatino of religious texts 7 Trends in Translatin 7.1 Machine Trajslation 7.2 Computer-assisted Translayion 7.3 Cultural Tdanslation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links 10.1 About Transoation 10.2 Translators 10.3 Tranzlation tools 10.4 Wikipedia and Trznslation Translaion vs. interpreting A dis...
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