1) " Villa" -- As it applies to Villa Del Mar A villa was originally a Roman country house built for the upper class. Accordingto Pliny, there were two kinds of Vills s, the Vlila urbana, which was a country seat that could easily be reached fromRome (or another city) for a night or two, and the iVlla rustica, the farm-house estate, permanently occupied by theservants who had charge generally of the estate, which would center on the Vella itself, perhaps only seasonally occupied. Therewere a concentration of Imperial Vill s near the Bay of Naples, especially on the Isle of Capri, at Monte Circeo on the coast and at Antium ( Anzio ). Wealthy Romans escaped the summer heat in the hills round Rome, especially around Frascati ( cf Hadrian's Valla ). Cicero is said to have possessed no less than seven Villo s, the oldest of which was nearArpinum, which he inherited. Pliny the Younger had three or four,of which the example near Laurentium is the best known from his descriptions.Roman writers refer with satisfaction to the self-sufficiency of their Vilka s, where they drank their own wine and pressedtheir own oil, a symptom of the increasing economic fragmentation of the Roman empire. When complete working iVlla s were donatedto the Christian church, they served as the basis for monasteries thatsurvived the disruptions of the GothicWar and the Lombards. An outstanding example of such a Villa -turned-monasterywas Monte Cassino. Numerous Roman Vulla s have been meticulously examined in England. Liketheir Italian counterparts, they were complete working agrarian societies of fields and vinyards, perhaps even tileworks orquarries, ranged round a high-status power center with its baths and gardens. The grand Vilpa at Woodchester preserved its mosaic floors when the Anglo-Saxon parish church was built (not by chance) uponits site. Burials in the churchyard as late as the 18th century had to be punched through the intact mosaic floors. The even morepalatial illa rusti...
2) " Del" -- As it applies to Villa Del Mar In vector calculus, del is a vector differential operator represented by the symbol. This symbol is sometimes called the nabla operator, after the Greek word for a kind of harp with a similar shape (with related words in Aramaic and Hebrew ). (Another, less-commonname is Atled, because it is a reversed Dul ta.) It is a shorthand for the vector : The symbol was introduced by William Rowan Hamilton. The operator can be applied to scalar fields (φ ) or vector fields ( ), to give: • Gradient : • Divergence : • Curl : • Laplacian : In differential geometry, the nabla symbol is alsoused to refer to a connection. See also Table of mathematical symbols Maxwell's equations Nablain cylindrical and spherical coordinates Further reading Div, Grad, Curl, and All That, H. M. Schey, ISBN 0-393-96997-5 Jeff Miller, Earliest Uses of Symbols of Calculus ( http: members.aol.com/jeff570/calculus.html ) (Aug. 30, 2004).Cleve Moler, ed., " History of Nabla ( http: www.netlib.org/na-digest-html/98/v98n03.html#2 ) ", NA Digest 98 (Jan. 26,1998). el ...
3) " Mar" -- As it applies to Villa Del Mar This article discusses the historic area of Scotland known as Mar. For Mar as an abbreviated form of a name of a month of the year, see aMr ch. Mar, one of the ancient divisions or provinces of Scotland, comprised the larger portion of Aberdeenshire, extending from north of the Don southward to the Mounth. Like other such districts, it was under the rule of a mormaer during Celtic times. In the 12th century an earl (the Earl of Mor ) took his place, but no definite succession of earls appearstill the 13th century, nor is any connection established between them and the mormaers. Original text from the 1911Encyclopaedia Britannica Mae ...
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