Yeast Infections

Clarifications

1) " Yeast" -- As it applies to Yeast Infections Saccharomycescerevisiae is a yeast used in both baking and brewing. Yeast are a group of unicellular fungi a few species of which are commonly usedto leaven bread and ferment alcoholicbeverages. Most yeasts belong to the division Ascomycota. A few yeasts, such as Candida albicans can cause infection in humans. More thanone-thousand species of yeasts have been described. The most commonly used yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which wasdomesticated for wine, bread and beer production thousands of years ago. See Yeast (baking). Yeast physiology can be either obligately aerobic or facultatively fermentative. There is no known obligately anaerobic yeast.In the absence of oxygen, fermentative yeasts produce their energy by converting sugars into carbon dioxide and ethanol (alcohol). In brewing, the ethanol is used, while in baking the carbon dioxide raises the bread and the ethanolevaporates. An example with glucose as the substrate is C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) →2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO 2 Yeasts can reproduce asexually through budding or sexually through the formation of ascospores. During asexual reproduction a new bud grows out of the parent yeast when the condition is right, thenafter the bud reaches an adult size, it separates from the parent yeast. Under low nutrient conditions, yeasts that are capableof sexual reproduction will form ascospores. Yeasts that are not capable of going through the full sexual cycle are classified inthe genus Candida. Yeasts for leavening bread may be produced commercially or caught from the environment. Many yeasts can be isolated fromsugar-rich environmental samples. Some good examples include fruits and berries (such as grapes, apples or peaches ), exudatesfrom plants (such as plant saps or cacti). Some yeasts are found in association with insects. The use of potatoes, water from potato boiling, eggs, or sugar in a bread dough ... 2) " Infections" -- As it applies to Yeast Infections "Infection" is also the title of an episode of the television series Babylon5 ; see Infection (Babylon 5). An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organismby a foreign species. The colonizing organism interferes with the normal functioningand perhaps the survival of the host. The infecting organism is referred to as a pathogen, which may be bacterial, a parasite, fungal, or a virus, prion or viroid. Thescientific study of diseases in medicine caused by biological agents is infectious diseases . All multicellular organisms are colonized to somedegree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a symbiotic, commensal, or parasitic relationship with the host. An example of the former would be the anaerobic bacteria species whichcolonize the mammalian colon, an example of the latter would be the various species of staphylococcus which exist on human skin. Neither of thesecolonizations would be considered infections. An infection is, in effect, a war in which the infecting organism seeks to utilize the host resources in order to multiply atthe expense of the host. The difference between an infection and a colonization is often only a matter of circumstance. Organisms which are normallynon-pathogenic can become pathogenic under the right conditions, and even the most virulent organism requires certaincircumstances to cause a compromising infection. The variables involved in the outcome of a host becoming inoculated by a pathogen and the ultimate outcome include: the route of entry of the pathogen and the access to host regions that it gains the intrinsic virulence of the particular organism the quantity or load of the initial inoculant the immune status of the host being colonized As an example, the staphylococcus species present on skin remainharmless on the skin, but when present in a normally sterile ... 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