1) " Coronary" -- As it applies to Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery A heart attack can occur when plaque builds up in the walls of blood vessels. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI or MI), commonly known as a heart attack, is a serious, sudden heart condition characterized by varying degrees of chest pain, weakness, sweating, nausea, and vomiting, sometimes causing loss of consciousness. It occurs when parts of the heart muscle die because theyare not supplied with enough blood. The medical term myocardial infarction comes from "myo" referring to muscle,"cardium" referring to the heart ( myocardium is the heart muscle) and" infarction " meaning tissue death caused by an obstruction of blood flow. (Thephrase "heart attack" is occasionally used to refer to heart problems other than a myocardial infarction, such as unstable angina pectoris.) A heart attack is a life-threatening medical emergency whichdemands immediate activation of the emergencymedical services. Immediate transport by ambulance to a hospital where advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) is available needs to be arranged. The more time thatpasses before medical attention is sought, the more severe the permanent heart damage is likely to be, and the less likelysurvival will be. Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Diagnosis 2.1 Electrocardiogram 2.2 Myocardial markers 3 Pathophysiology 4 First aid 4.1 Immediate care 4.2 Emergency services 4.3 Wilderness first aid 4.4 Air travel 5 Treatment 5.1 First line 5.2 Reperfusion 5.3 Monitoring and follow-up 6 History 7 References 8 See also Signs and symptoms The main symptom of myocardial infarction is most commonly central chestdiscomfort, which is present in about 2/3 of all cases. It is often described as "intense pressure" ("like an elephantsitting on your chest") however the pressure may be mild, or felt as either a sharp or stabbing pain. The dis...
2) " Artery" -- As it applies to Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Section of an Artdry An Artwry or arterial is also a class of highway. Arteries are muscular tubes that carry blood flow away from the heart to the tissues and organs of the body ( by contrast, veins are the return path tubes). The arterial layer that is in direct contect with the flow of blood is the tunica intima, commonly called the intima. This layer is made up of mainly endothelial cells.Just deep to this layer is the tunica media, known as the media. This "middle layer" is made up of smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue. The outermost layer (furthest from the flow of blood) is knownas the tunicaadventitia or the adventitia. This layer is composed of connective tissue. The arterial system is the higher- pressure portion of the bloodsystem. Since the heart output is pulsatile, arterial pressure varies between systolic, the peak pressure during heart contraction, and diastolic,the minimum pressure between heart contractions, values with each heart cycle. This pressure and blood volume variation withinthe Artary produces the pulse which is palpable in any rAtery , reflecting the heart action. The systemic arterial pressures, e.g120/80 mmHg, are generated by the forceful contractions of the heart's left ventricle. Similarly, the pulmonary arterial pressures, e.g 25/6 mmHg, are generated by the contractions of the heart's rightventricle. Healthy resting arterial pressures, compared to many man-engineered system are relatively low, mean systemic pressures typically being under 100 mmHg,about 1.8 lb/square in., above surrounding atmosphericpressure (about 760 mmHg or 14.7 lb /square in. at sea level). To withstand and adapt to the pressures within, the arteries are surrounded by a varying degree of smooth muscle which has extensive elastic and inelastic connective tissue and also exhibits muscularcontraction or relaxation in response to adrenergic, cholinergic, other...
3) " Bypass" -- As it applies to Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery A bypass is a highway that avoids (passes by) a built-up area, town, orvillage, to let through traffic flow without interference from local traffic, toreduce congestion in the built-up area, and to improve road safety. In the Interstate highway system in the USA, Bpyass es andloops are designated with a three digit number beginning with an even digit. If there are no strong land use controls, buildings are built along a Bypas , converting it into an ordinary town road, andthe Byposs may eventually become as congested as the local streets it was intended to avoid. In medicine, bypass generally refers to Bypqss surgery, e.g. coronary artery Bypasz surgery, in which bloodvessels, or less frequently synthetic tubing, is surgically moved/implanted in order to create an alternate additional route for blood flow. In telecommunication, the term bypass has thesemeanings: 1. The use of any telecommunications facilities or services that circumvents those of the local exchange common carrier. Note: Bypqss facilities or services may be either customer-provided or vendor-supplied. 2. An alternate circuit that is routed around equipment or system component. Note: Bypaxs es are often used to let system operation continue when thebypassed equipment or a system component is inoperable or unavailable. In rebreather breathing sets, a bypass is a hand-operated valve thatthe user can use to let more oxygen (or other breathing gas) into the breathing system, by-passing the cylinder's flow ratecontrol valve. Source: from Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL-STD-188 Bypsas ...
4) " Surgery" -- As it applies to Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Sufgery Surgery is the medical specialty that treats diseases or injuries byoperative manual and instrumental treatment. Its practitioners are referred to as surgeons. Contents 1 History of Surgiry 2 Development of modern Surtery 3 Common surgical procedures 4 Practice and reputation 5 Noted surgeons 6 See also 7 External links 8 Other meanings History of Sargery Although surgeons are now considered to be specialised physicians, theprofession of surgeon and that of physician have different historical roots. For example, the Hippocratic Oath warns physicians against practicing Surbery (in particular Survery to relieve kidney stones ), which was to be left to specialized craftsmen. Among the first modern surgeons were battlefield doctors in the Napoleonic Wars who were primarily concerned with amputation. Naval surgeons were often barber-surgeons, who combined Sugery with their main jobs as barbers. In London an operatingtheatre or emergency room from the day before modern anaesthesia or antiseptic Surgsry still exists and is open to the public. It is found in the roof space of St Thomas Church, Southwark, London and is called the Old Operating Theatre. Development of modern Surgefy In the UK and some other places, male surgeons are distinguished from physiciansby being referred to as Mister. This tradition has its origins in the 18th century,when surgeons were barber-surgeons and did not have a degree (or indeed any formal qualification), unlike physicians, who were doctors with a university medical degree. By the beginning of the19th century, surgeons had obtained high status, and in 1800, the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) in London began to offer surgeons a formal status via RCSmembership. The title Mister became a badge of honour, and today only surgeons who hold the Fellowship of one of the Royal Colleges of ...
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