1) " Gis" -- As it applies to Gis Maps A geographic information system (GIS) is a system for managing data that has a spatial specialized form of an informationsystem. In the strictest sense, it is a computer system capableof assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically-referenced information, i.e. data identified according totheir locations, in a database. Practitioners also regard the total GIS asincluding operating personnel and the data that go into the system. Geographic information systems technology can be used for scientificinvestigations, resource management, development planning, cartography and route planning. For example, a GIS might allow emergencyplanners to easily calculate emergency response times in the event of a natural disaster, or a GIS might be used to find wetlands thatneed protection from pollution. Contents 1 History of Development 2 Techniques used in GIS 2.1 Relating information from different sources 2.2 Data Representation 2.3 Data Capture 2.4 Data Manipulation 2.5 Projections, coordinate systems and registration 2.6 Spatial Analysis with GIS 2.6.1 Data modeling 2.6.2 Topological modeling 2.6.3 Networks 2.6.4 Cartographic Modelling 2.6.5 Vector Overlay 2.6.6 Spatial Statistics 2.6.7 GeoCoding 2.7 Data output and cartography 2.8 Graphic display techniques 3 GIS software 4 The future of GIS 4.1 OGC Standards 4.2 Global Change and Climate History Program 4.3 Adding the element of time 5 References and further reading 5.1 Textbooks 5.2 External links History of Development 35,000 years ago, on the walls of caves near Lascaux, France, Cro-Magnon hunters drew pictures of the animals theyhunted. Associated with the animal drawings are track lines and tallies thought to depict migration routes. These early recordsfollowed the two-element structure of modern geographic information systems: a graph...
2) " Maps" -- As it applies to Gis Maps For alternative meanings see Map(disambiguation) A map of the world by by Johannes Kepler A map is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional space. The science of making maps iscalled cartography. Contents 1 Introduction 2 Electronic maps 3 Links and references 3.1 References 3.2 See also 3.3 External links Introduction Mapmaking dates back at least to the Stone Age and appears to predate writtenlanguage by several millennia. One of the oldest surviving maps is painted on a wall of the Catal Huyuk settlement in south-central Anatolia (now Turkey ); it dates from about 6200 BC. [ Harvey 2000, p. 142 ]. The making of maps is now often called cartography, or more simplymap-making. In the last quarter of the 20th century, map-making has become inextricably entwined with computers. Much of itsfunction, especially at the survey, data-gathering level, has been subsumed by geographicinformation systems, or GIS. Even when GIS is not involved, most cartographers now use a variety of computer graphicsprograms to generate new maps. While we tend to think of maps today as products of a rationalistic, scientific world-view, maps also have a mythic quality.Pre-modern maps, and mapping traditions outside the Western tradition, often merge geography with non-scientific cosmography, showing the relationship of the viewer to the universe. Medeival "T-O"maps, for example, show Jerusalem at the centre of the world, and in some casesrelated the "body" of the Earth to the body of Christ. By contrast, navigational (or "Portolan") charts of the Mediterraneanfromthe same period are remarkably accurate. Even today, maps can be powerful rhetorical tools beyond their purely practicalvalue, and this has been the source of much fruitful map criticism over the last twenty years, notably in the works of J.B.Harley, Mark Monmonier and Denis Wood.Many ...
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